A Part of Growing Up

From a child to a boy, from a boy to a man, the transition is a unique experience to remember. The transition from boy to manhood results from making choices and living with the consequences that ensue. The transition from boy to manhood, constantly referred to as “coming of age” presents itself in the short stories “A & P” by John Updike and “The Man Who Was Almost a Man” by Richard Wright. In these two short stories, the central theme revolves around the main character’s coming of age and the consequences resulting from good and sometimes poor decisions. The thought processes of the main characters and the maturation that comes from the experience they have changes them from a boy to a man. Both Updike and Wright use this as the central theme of both short stories, but plot development that leads up to the central theme differ drastically.
In the short story “The Man Who Was Almost a Man” by Richard Wright, the plot centers around Dave, a seventeen year old slave who wishes to be treated like a man. The title of the story alludes to what takes place in the story. Dave is almost a man, but in the eyes of everyone around him, he is far from being accepted in society as a man. Dave’s motives and the main theme of the story present itself early in the story. Dave, in his current mindset, thinks that “one of these days, he was going to get a gun and practice shooting, then they can’t talk to him as though he were a little boy” (Wright 1609). At the early stages, Wright gives insight to the plot of the story, the plot that will develop the central theme. Dave believes that he is a man and that a gun will justify this thought. However, this thought process is flawed from many points of view. Dave is only seventeen and even then, some would hardly consider that as a “man” or even close to it. Dave’s belief that a gun will make him a man is further reinforced when Joe doubts Dave, telling Dave that he “ain’t nothing but a boy” and that he “don’t need a gun” (1610). This forces Dave to further believe that he absolutely needs a gun in order to gain the recognition that he is a man.
Early in the story, Wright establishes the plot behind the story’s central theme. Dave embarks upon his quest to obtain a gun and command the respect from all his peers to recognize that he is a man. From Dave’s point of view, he deserves to be treated and recognized as a man. However, from the reader’s standpoint, Dave is anything but a man. His immature notions that a gun will provide him with manhood is typical of a boy who has yet to realize what being a man really constitutes. Dave’s mother sees that her son “ain got no sense” (1612), alluding to the fact that Dave does not think clearly nor does he see what he is asking for. In his mind, Dave has already made up his mind that the only way for him to be recognized and treated as a man is if he owns a gun. This gun becomes the center of his want and his ultimate trophy. Any opposition that Dave faces only feeds his need for the gun.
Dave’s mother understands that one way or another, Dave will find a way to buy a gun, so she tries to alleviate this urge by allowing him to buy a gun but giving reason that it would be for his father. She tells Dave to buy the gun from Joe and bring it right back to her. Instead, Dave keeps the gun for himself after buying it. Ignoring his mother’s command, Dave “avoids surrendering the pistol by not coming into the house until after everyone was sleeping” (1613). During the middle of the night, Dave’s mother demands that Dave hand over the gun, but Dave lies, telling her that the gun was hidden outdoors. Dave is intent on keeping the gun for himself and refuses to surrender the gun to his mother. He feels that giving up the gun is equivalent to giving up his quest for manhood. Dave finally has a chance to fire the gun in the open field, and in doing so, he accidentally shoots Jenny, Mr. Hawkin’s mule. When his mother and the crowd of people confront Dave about Jenny’s death, Dave “looked at Jenny’s stiff legs and began to cry” (1615). Instead of accepting responsibility for Jenny’s death, Dave gives the excuse that he did not intentionally shoot Jenny and cries as he tries to avoid the attention from the crowd. All along, he wants to be treated like a man, like a responsible grown-up. His actions define him as anything but a man.
Dave does not understand that the gun does not make a boy a man, but responsibility and mature decision making is what really defines a man as a man. In the end, Dave abandons his family in search of another place to start over, a place where he will be recognized as a man. He takes the gun with him on his new journey, but from all this, the theme of coming of age and living with the consequences of one’s own decisions presents itself. Dave’s intent was to be recognized and respected as a man and not a boy. His decisions and actions throughout the story and at the end of the story show that now understands the responsibility that comes with being a man. He understands that he must start over in a new place to be accepted as a man.
The coming of age theme along with facing the consequences of one’s decisions also presents itself in the short story “A & P” by John Updike. Like “The Man Who Was Almost a Man,” Updike also uses plot to express the central theme of the story. However, Updike takes a different approach in conveying this theme compared to Wright. The short story “A & P” revolves around Sammy, a checkout clerk at the A & P store. The story starts off in the store where Sammy works. Sammy gives off the impression that he is bored and ready for a change. The emphasis of the story begins when “three girls walk in with nothing but bathing suits” (1492). Sammy does not pay attention to his customer that he is helping the moment the three girls walk in. He “cannot remember if he rang up the box of HiHo crackers or not, and when he rang it up again, the customer starts giving him hell” (1492). He does not give any attention to the customer but as soon as the three girls walk in with bathing suits, they catch his attention almost immediately. Sammy does not pay attention to anything that goes on in the store, but once the trio of girls walks in, Sammy scrutinizes them immediately.
Sammy focuses his attention on the trio of girls and describes them with the utmost scrutiny. The first girl Sammy notices “had on a bright green two-piece and the seams on the bra were still sharp and her belly was still pretty pale” (1493). The second girl “had one of those chubby-berry faces, the lips all bunched together under her nose” (1493) and the last girl, the queen, had on “long white primadonna legs” (1493). Instead of paying attention to his customers, Sammy focuses his attention on the three girls, examining them like a typical teenage boy. Herein lays the central theme of this story. Sammy is a bored checkout clerk who tries to turn his mundane job into something interesting by referring to the shoppers as “sheep who push their carts down the aisle” (1493). At first, these seem irrelevant to the central theme, but it is from these events in which Updike conveys the theme of the story.
Towards the end of the story, the manager, Lengel, comes out to confront the three girls. He comes over to the girls and tells them “Girls, this isn’t the beach” (1495) not once but twice, emphasizing his distaste for their attire. Sammy sees that the girls are embarrassed in front of many customers and makes an impulse decision. In light of Lengel’s words, Sammy decides to quit his job in front of all the customers and Lengel. He announces it loudly and quickly, “hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero” (1496). Sammy hopes that the three girls will hear his reaction and think that he is their hero because he stood up for them. Sammy does not realize the irrationality of his actions, even though at the moment, he truly believes it was the noble thing to do. His noble gesture is nothing more than a futile attempt to impress the three girls. To his surprise, the girls are gone and nowhere in sight. Lengel sees Sammy’s impulse decision, and tells him “I don’t think you know what you’re saying” (1496) but in response to this, Sammy thinks to himself “once you begin a gesture, it’s fatal not to go through with it” (1694). When he exits the store, Sammy realizes the extent of his actions.
The girls are no longer there and now, he has to deal with the choice he makes. Sammy understands the consequences of his actions, knowing “how hard the world was going to be to him hereafter” (1497). Up until the end of the story, Sammy shows traits of a young teenager who does not understand what it means to make correct judgment and decisions. His immaturity leads to him quitting his job just to impress some girls who he does not even know. The irrational decision making is characteristic of young people who do not think about the consequences of their actions. At the end, Sammy realizes this, knowing that he will have to accept the consequences and move on instead of going back into the store to try to get his job back. At this point of the story, Sammy has matured and become a man, living up to the consequences of his own actions.
Both Updike and Wright use the central theme of coming of age in their short stories. The way they go about developing this theme, however, is different. Wright almost explicitly defines the plot and what will take place in order for Dave to become a man. Wright begins the story with statements that Dave wants to be accepted as a man and nothing else. Updike, however, uses a more subtle approach. He uses the plot to develop Sammy’s character, showing the reader that Sammy is a bored teenager who makes irrational decisions. This defines his character as young, impulsive, and child-like. At the end of the two stories, both Dave and Sammy arrive at the epiphany that they must now face the consequences of their actions. Dave wants to be treated like a man throughout the story and here at the end, he receives his chance to. Sammy, however, inadvertently stumbles upon this. He has no intentions of trying to become a man, but the choice he makes puts him in a position to mature into an adult. Both stories use the theme of coming of age and the reality of facing the consequences of one’s actions.
“A & P” and “The Man Who Was Almost a Man” focuses on the central theme of coming of age and the ability to face the consequences of one’s actions. The two authors use the plot of the story to develop the central theme but go about it in two different manners. Updike, in “A & P” goes about it in a subtle manner, allowing Sammy to stumble across the elements of manhood. Wright, in “The Man Who Was Almost a Man” makes it evident from the beginning of the story. Dave’s quest for acceptance as a man reflects from the beginning to the end of the story. Both stories develop the central theme from plot.

The Things They Carried

In the story “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’Brien, O’Brien uses many different conventions to enhance the stories themes and ideas. Two of these conventions include the use of parallel structure and the act of repetition.

O’Brien uses parallel structure throughout the story, moving between the things the men carried, the outside life of the soldiers, and then moving to the dialogue between the soldiers. The parallel structure emphasizes the story’s main theme, the physical and emotional burdens that each soldier has going into this war and trying to survive in this war. The parallel structure focuses on the physical garments the men must carry as well as the emotional strain that each man carries. The use of repetition also aids in the emphasis of the theme of physical and emotional burden. It seems redundant at first, but as the story progresses, O’Brien is making a statement by using the same format for every paragraph. The burdens the men carry are like no other. They must carry weapons and tools in preparation for any kind of scenario. This is physical weight on their bodies to the point of almost torture and inhumane. The repetition and parallel structure also exists for the emotional constraints that the men have to carry. Lieutenant Cross constantly faces the burden of being rejected by the woman he loves. This emotional constraint hampers his ability to lead his men into battle and he pays for this with the death of Ted Lavender. He blames his emotional burden for the death of Ted Lavender and is never able to overcome this burden.

The Dead

In the short story “The Dead,” James Joyce’s use of the events leading up to the epiphany and Gabriel’s epiphany aid the reader greatly in understanding the story as a whole. At first, the entire party and the dialogues seem like chaos rather than trying to build the backbone of the story. As the reader, we go through many dialogues and get introduced to an array of characters. We don’t make sense of any of this information until Gabriel’s epiphany in the end. The song the man is singing shortly towards the end of the story holds great significance to Gretta, Gabriel’s wife. He finds out that she once had a lover that died for her. He feels that throughout their relationship, there is a missing connection between the two and that this lover that died for her is the missing piece. Gabriel sits back and realizes many of life’s greatest mysteries. Everything he talked about in his speech comes to life and makes sense. One of these realizations is that death of tradition and hospitality, something he said that his aunts were known for. The newer generation lacks this and much more. In his epiphany, he realizes that the death of this tradition and hospitality is inevitable. The snow that falls in the end, in particular to both the living and the dead, symbolize the connection between life and death. In this sense, the end of one life brings about the life of another. All the events prior to the epiphany now turn into significant facts that bring about Gabriel’s realization. The unorganized thoughts in the beginning connect to the ending, and this aids the reader in understanding the author’s focus and reasoning.

Reality

“The terror of art is that the dream reveals the reality.” In general, this quote states that what someone thinks is a dream turns out to be reality. This boils down to dreams that become reality. This quote is especially true in Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis.” In the short story “The Metamorphosis,” the main character Gregor dreams of being able to quit his job and live his life free of responsibility. This is his dream and aspiration within the next couple of years but one day, he wakes up to find out that his dream has become his reality. In this reality, he wakes up to find that he has transformed into an insect. Gregor wants to be independent, free of any responsibilities, and most of all, free from his manager and his father’s debt. Upon waking up and transforming into an insect, Gregor realizes that he is not himself, but actually an insect. Instantly, reality sets in, and the roles described in the beginning of the story are reversed. In the beginning, Gregor works to provide for his parents and family. His metamorphosis into an insect relieves him of these responsibilities and places them back on his family. This is the reality that Gregor dreams of. He is now free of any duties towards his family and now his family is bound to him. They have to find a way to take care of him and his needs, as he is now unable to provide like he did before. As the story goes on, Gregor depends more and more on his family to take care of him, until they finally start neglecting him and leave him to die. This reality that Gregor dreamed of in the beginning is not what he had in mind. When he had to provide and take care of the family, he did his best, but when the roles were reversed, his family did not do the same. They left him and ignored him until the day he died.

Allegory

An allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols that have both literal and figurative meanings. Symbolism is the use of a person, a thing, or a spectacle to represent something less palpable. The difference between an allegory and a symbol is that an allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across, while a symbol is a representation of an idea or concept that can have a different meaning throughout a literary work.

Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” is an example of an allegory. The Lottery conveys many abstract ideas that attempt to convey Jackson’s message about tradition, human instinct, and change. At first glance, the title of the story seems like a positive aspect, like winning the current lottery, where you win money. However, as the story develops, the lottery is not what it seems. The lottery is a more along the lines of a bankruptcy rather than an actually lottery. “The Lottery” is an allegory that represents death and tradition in many ways. The little black box that contains the names to be drawn is in bad shape and should be replaced as mentioned by the narrator. The suggestion to replace it comes across the minds of the people but because it has been around for so long, they refuse to replace it, as it is a tradition in which they refuse to change. This shows just one aspect of the people and their unwillingness to change an old tradition. The conformity and unwillingness to change their tradition shows itself again when the readers find out what it means to win the lottery. The winner of the lottery is stoned to death and they do this because that is the tradition that has been done by their ancestors for ages. The allegory in this story is the belief of tradition, the unwillingness for change, and they conformity that everyone reverts to.

The Chyrsanthemums: symbolism

In the short story “The Chrysanthemums” by John Steinbeck, Steinbeck uses symbolism throughout the story to describe Elisa, the main character of the story. Steinbeck uses symbolism to reveal the Elisa’s hidden emotions and true character. The chrysanthemums that Elisa admires and takes care of represent her in many different ways.
The chrysanthemums symbolize many traits of Elisa, with one of them being her feminine side. In the beginning of the story, Steinbeck establishes Elisa’s passion in regards to the chrysanthemums. She treats them like they were almost like children that need to be nurtured and cared for. She trims the flowers diligently and with the utmost care, so much that she is proud of what they have become. Steinbeck even goes to tell that Elisa would destroy pests before they could get near her chrysanthemums. This shows that she is protective of her “flowers” and will do everything it takes to keep them from harm.
The chrysanthemums further symbolize her feminine side when she meets the tinker while tending to her flowers. At first, Elisa is hesitant and tries to resist the tinker. But the tinker senses Elisa’s passion for her chrysanthemums. He plays on this and finally gets Elisa’s full attention. The chrysanthemums symbolize Elisa’s feminine side and the tinker played on that. After a short conversation, Elisa even makes a pass at the tinker, showing that the chrysanthemums are her weakness. She believes that the tinker is going to take the flowers to one of his customers in the area, but in the end, she finds that the tinker threw away her chrysanthemums on the side of the road. Elisa cries at this sight, as she knows now that the tinker only showed interest in her flowers to get her business. The sight of Elisa crying over her flowers shows her true feminine side – weak, soft, and vulnerable.

Character...

In the story “The Death of Ivan Ilych” the author uses Ivan Ilych as a major character to deliver the overall meaning and theme of the story. Ivan Ilych’s character develops at the beginning of the story, where it starts off with his background and childhood. This sets the stage for the development and change in Ivan’s character. The main theme expressed throughout the story is of death and the inevitable. The change in Ivan’s character clearly shows the recurring theme of death and its effects on a human being.
The author introduces Ivan Ilych as a man who lived a simple and ordinary life, giving history about his schooling and family background. Ivan was described as being the “pride of the family,” and that he was an amusing and witty social person. Ivan’s outlook on life was that of a carefree person looking to enjoy life without having to constantly deal with problems and matters that took the “fun” out of life. He always found a way to avoid problems and confrontation, rather than dealing with them. Once he gets married to his wife, the problems seem to work themselves out and everything seems merry. This was short lived, as after a while, Ivan begins to avoid his wife and always has company over to distract him from his wife and children. Although this was the case, Ivan remained happy and optimistic about his life and everything that takes place around him. He was open minded and believed that everything is the way it should be.
All this changes when Ivan discovers that he will soon face death. Ivan’s character changes from open minded ness and optimism to pessimistic and dismal. Once he finds that he will eventually die, his outlook on life changes drastically. At home, he constantly argues and quarrels with his wife and children. Everything they say seems to annoy him and get on his nerves. His calmness is now replaced with anger and snap judgments. All these changes stem from the thought of death, which Ivan soon has to face no matter what he does. The thought of death and the inability to escape its path transforms Ivan into a whole new character. This change in character from the beginning of the story to the end stems shows the theme of death and its effect on a person.